Antibodies against cdcp1 for the treatment and detection of cancer

ABSTRACT

The disclosure is related to antibodies and antibody fragments that specifically bind the CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) and their methods and uses in treating and detecting cancers.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/576,948, filed Oct. 25, 2017.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This disclosure was made with government support under Grant Nos. CA191018, and F32 GM089082 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the disclosure.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING AS ASCII TEXT FILE

The content of the following submission on ASCII text file is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readable form (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name 643662002240SEQLIST.TXT, date recorded: Oct. 25, 2018, size: 38 KB).

FIELD

The disclosure is related to antibodies and antibody fragments that specifically bind the CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) and their methods and uses in treating and detecting cancers.

BACKGROUND

RAS is a family of three ubiquitously expressed small GTPases found in all animal cell types. RAS is localized to the intracellular leaflet of the cell membrane where it serves as a major communication hub that relays extracellular growth factor-dependent signaling to as many as a dozen different intracellular signaling pathways, including the classically studied MAPK and PI3K pathways. Collectively, these pathways induce dramatic changes to cells including transcriptional reprogramming, promotion of cell survival, suppression of apoptosis, metabolic rewiring, promotion of proliferation, and increased cell invasiveness. Many of these phenotypes are well-known hallmarks of cancer survival. Thus, it is not surprising that nearly one third of all human malignancies have been found to be driven by mutational activation of one of the three RAS isoforms: KRAS, NRAS and HRAS. In fact, mutations that activate RAS are found in up to 90% of certain cancer types, such pancreatic cancer. Hence oncogenic RAS has been an important focus of the cancer biology and drug discovery communities for several decades (Stephen et al., Cancer Cell, 25:272-281, 204; and Ledford, Nature, 520:278-280, 2015).

In efforts to identify tractable drug targets in RAS driven cancers, tremendous research emphasis has been placed on understanding oncogenic RAS and its role in the dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways (Papke and Der, Science, 355:1158-1163, 2017). Despite these intense efforts to target intracellular pathways, little is understood about how RAS signaling can regulate the cell surface proteome, the surfaceome.

The surfaceome represents the dominant means by which cells communicate, interact, obtain nutrients, and engage the immune system. Overexpression of oncogenic RAS in model cell lines contributes to loss of adhesion, increased invasive properties, and evasion of immune responses, phenotypes that depend on the function of membrane proteins (Pylayeva-Gupta et al., Nature Reviews Cancer, 11:761-774, 2011). This suggests that RAS driven transcriptional reprogramming coordinately regulates the expression of cell surface proteins to exert malignant phenotypes.

Thus what is needed in the art is the identification of cell surface proteins as targets for detection and/or treatment of RAS driven cancers.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, presented herein are antibodies and antibody fragments that specifically bind the CUB domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1). In specific embodiments, the antibodies and antibody fragments specifically bind to full length CDCP1.

In another aspect, presented herein are methods of treating abnormal cells by administering to the cells an antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds CDCP1, e.g., any one of the antibodies presented herein. In another aspect, presented herein are methods of suppressing the proliferation or growth of cancer cells, e.g., solid tumor or blood cancer cells, by contacting the cells with an antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds CDCP1, e.g., any one of the antibodies presented herein. Further presented herein are methods of treating a subject with cancer by administering to the subject an antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds CDCP1, e.g., any one of the antibodies presented herein.

The disclosure is also directed to method of detecting the presence of abnormal cells, e.g., cancer cells, comprising administering to the cells an antibody or antibody fragment that binds to CDCP1, e.g., any of the antibodies presented herein, and then detecting the binding of the antibody or antibody fragment to the abnormal cells.

In particular, the present disclosure is directed to antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) comprising a peptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 as a light chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1), a peptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 as a light chain CDR2, and:

-   -   (a) a light chain CDR3 having an amino acid sequence selected         from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID         NO:24, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:40,         SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:52 and SEQ ID NO:56;     -   (b) a heavy chain CDR1 having an amino acid selected from the         group consisting of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ         ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID         NO:41, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:49 and SEQ ID NO:53;     -   (c) a heavy chain CDR2 having an amino acid selected from the         group consisting of SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ         ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID         NO:42, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:50 and SEQ ID NO:54, and     -   (d) a heavy chain CDR3 having an amino acid selected from the         group consisting of SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ         ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID         NO:43, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:51 and SEQ ID NO:55. In some         embodiments, the antibody or antibody fragment comprises at         least one variable heavy chain domain (VH) of the heavy chain         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and at least one variable         light chain domain (VL) of the light chain amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO:9. Also presented are pharmaceutical compositions         comprising the antibody or antibody fragment and a         pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody fragment described herein further comprises a cytotoxic agent conjugated to the antibody or antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody fragment further comprises a binding domain that specifically binds to the CD3 region on the surface of cytotoxic T-cells. Additionally, the present disclosure is directed to methods of killing or inhibiting the growth of abnormal cells comprising administering the antibody or antibody fragment described herein to the cells. Likewise, the present disclosure is directed to methods of treating a subject for the presence of abnormal cells, the method comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or antibody fragment to the subject. In some embodiments, the abnormal cells are cancer cells. In some preferred embodiments, the abnormal cells comprise at least one mutation to a RAS oncogene in their genome. In some embodiments, the RAS oncogene is KRAS oncogene, and optionally the mutation is a G12V mutation. In some embodiments, the cancer cells are pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells.

In further embodiments, the antibody or antibody fragment described herein further comprises a detectable label conjugated to the antibody or antibody fragment. The present disclosure is also directed to methods of detecting the presence of an abnormal cell comprising administering the antibody or antibody fragment described herein to the cells, and detecting the binding of the labeled antibody or antibody fragment to CDCP1 on the abnormal cell's surface.

Moreover, the present disclosure is directed to nucleic acids encoding the antibody or antibody fragment described herein. Also provided by the present disclosure are expression vectors comprising the nucleic acid, and host cells comprising the expression vector.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A-1F illustrates that oncogenic KRAS signaling coordinately regulates the expression of cell surface proteins in a model epithelial cell. FIG. 1A: Experimental strategy for quantitative SILAC surface proteomics to compare surfaceomes of MCF10A empty vector cells to MCF10A KRASG12V cells (Top), or MCF10A KRASG12V cells treated with vehicle versus RAS pathway inhibitors (Bottom). Cells were cultured in either light or heavy SILAC media and then processed using N-linked cell surface glycoprotein enrichment and MS-based proteomic analysis. FIG. 1B: Volcano plot of MCF10A empty vector versus MCF10A KRASG12V cell-surface mass spectrometry experiment showing log2 fold-changes in expression (X-axis) or −log 10(p-value)s (Y-axis). Proteins with a p-value less than 0.01 and a minimum of 1.75 fold increase or decrease in SILAC ratio were considered significantly changed. The CDCP1 protein shows expression patterns that were significantly altered by oncogenic KRAS signaling and inversely altered by MEKi. FIG. 1C: Volcano plot representations of CDCP1 in MCF10A KRASG12V cells with or without treatment with the MEK inhibitor (MEKi), PD0325901 (100 nM). CDCP1 showed expression patterns that were significantly altered by oncogenic KRAS signaling and inversely altered by MEKi. FIG. 1D: Heatmap representation of the SILAC mass spectrometry data for CDCP1 protein by both KRASG12V and MEKi. FIG. 1E: Venn diagram showing overlap of targets founds in the SILAC mass spectrometry data for significantly altered proteins detected in all experiments. FIG. 1F: Heatmap representation of a comparison between RNAseq and SILAC MS-based proteomics.

FIG. 2A-2F further illustrates that oncogenic KRAS signaling coordinately regulates the expression of cell surface proteins in a model epithelial cell. FIG. 2A: Bar graph representation of the total number of unique peptides (blue) and proteins (red) identified by mass spectrometry-based proteomics for each experiment. Data was bioinformatically triaged to remove peptides not containing the characteristic asparagine deamidation generated by PNGase digest and proteins not annotated as localized to the cell surface. FIG. 2B: Venn diagram representation of the overlap of identified proteins between biological replicates demonstrates reproducibility for each experiment. FIG. 2C: Scatter plots of SILAC ratios show reproducibility between biological replicates for each experiment. FIG. 2D: Gene Ontology analysis of the cell-surface proteins significantly altered by expression of KRASG12V. FIG. 2E: Volcano plot representations of the AKTi and EGFRi mass spectrometry experiments are shown. Proteins with a p-value less than 0.01 and a minimum of 1.75 fold increase or decrease in SILAC ratio were considered significantly changed. FIG. 1F: Heatmap representation of a comparison between proteins identified in all four proteomic experiments and significantly altered (fold-change>+/−1.75; p-value<0.01) in at least one dataset.

FIG. 3A-3F depicts the validation of oncogenic KRAS-induced cell surface proteins with novel recombinant antibodies. FIG. 3A: (Left) Schematic of the Fc-fusion construct developed for rapid expression of membrane protein extracellular domains. Each extracellular domain was expressed as a TEV cleavable site-specifically biotinylated Fc-fusion; (Right) HEK293T cells stably expressing an ER-localized biotin ligase are transiently transfected with the Fc-fusion expression vector. Proteins were quantitatively biotinylated in-vivo, secreted into the cellular media, and purified by Protein A affinity purification. FIG. 3B: Strategy for phage display generation of antibodies to each RAS induced protein ECD. Proteins were immobilized on streptavidin magnetic beads and mixed with a highly diverse phage-displayed Fab library. Non-binding phage were removed by washing and phage bound protein was released by enzymatic treatment with TEV protease. Eluted phage was propagated in E. coli and the selection process was repeated for 3-4 rounds to enrich the library for specific protein binders. FIG. 3C: Representative flow cytometry histograms demonstrate specific cellular target engagement of Fab clones generated against seven KRAS driven surface proteins. MCF10A cells stably expressing dCas9-KRAB and a decoy sgRNA (red) or target sgRNA (blue and green) were labeled with either a negative control Fab (green) or a Fab of interest (red and blue). Fab binding to cells was detected by addition of a Protein A Alexa647 conjugate and quantification by immunofluorescence flow cytometry. FIG. 3D: Certain proteins were confirmed to be upregulated on the MCF10A KRASG12V cells by flow cytometry using specific recombinant antibodies (n=3, error bars represent SD). The table below compares log2 fold-changes as measured by flow cytometry, SILAC proteomics, and RNAseq. FIG. 3E: Representative immunofluorescence images demonstrate orthogonal confirmation of KRAS driven differential expression and cell surface localization of target proteins. FIG. 3F: Heatmap representation of flow cytometry median fluorescent intensity values for CDCP1 Fab against nine tumorigenic cell lines. CDCP1 stands out as being highly expressed on nearly every cell line harboring a RAS mutation.

FIG. 4A-4D depicts the generation and validation of antibodies to oncogenic KRAS upregulated surface proteins. FIG. 4A: Western blot analysis of Fc-fusion protein endogenous biotinylation. Expression in WT HEK293T cells was compared to expression in HEK293T cells stably expressing BirA localized to the cytosol (Left), the endoplasmic reticulum (Middle), or secreted into the extracellular space (Right). The amount of biotinylation was estimated by assessment of band migration by SDS-PAGE after co-incubation of the purified Fc-fusion with streptavidin. Expression in cells expressing ER-localized BirA showed quantitative biotinylation (>98%). FIG. 4B1 and 4B-2: Phage ELISAs from selections against CDCP1 protein elevated in expression level by oncogenic KRAS signaling in MCF10As. Phage clones that showed strong binding to cognate protein Fc-fusions but little detectable binding to the isolated Fc-domain were advanced for further characterization. FIG. 4C: Schematic of the construct used to display each protein on the surface of HEK293 (T-Rex-293) cells for validation of antibody specificity. FIG. 4D: Representative flow cytometry histograms demonstrate specific cellular target engagement of Fab clones (including CDCP1-4A06, referred to herein as CDCP1-002) raised against seven RAS driven surface proteins.

FIG. 5A-5G depicts the characterization of CDCP1 as a potential therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). FIG. 5A: Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas reveals that CDCP1 expression level correlates with KRAS mutational status in human pancreatic cancers (p-value 0.0006). FIG. 5B: Profiling of a panel of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells by flow cytometry demonstrates that CDCP1 is highly expressed on PDAC cells. Remarkably, CDCP1 was not detectably expressed on non-tumorogenic cells derived from the same tissue origin. FIG. 5C: A schematic representation of the antibody drug conjugate cell-killing assay. Cells were treated with a primary IgG that targets CDCP1 and a secondary anti-human IgG conjugated to the cytotoxic drug monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF). Cellular viability was quantified by CELLTITER-GLO® luminescent cell viability assay (Promega, Corp.) after 72 hours incubation with antibody treatment. FIG. 5D: Dose dependent antibody drug conjugate mediated cell killing was only observed in the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells (HPAC) tumorigenic cells and not in the non-tumorogenic human pancreatic normal epithelial (HPNE) cells (n=3, error bars represent SD). FIG. 5E: Sub-nanomolar treatment with a CDCP1 IgG was sufficient to selectively kill greater than 50% of HPAC cells, but only when in combination with a stoichiometric excess of the secondary antibody drug conjugate (n=3, error bars represent SD). FIG. 5F: Schematic of the experimental setup for the flow cytometry-based T-cell activation assay used to profile BiTE activity. Cells were incubated with HPAC or HPNE target cells in the presence or absence of antibody treatment. After overnight incubation, T-cell activation was quantified via the expression of NFAT-dependent GFP reporter gene. FIG. 5G: Jurkat cells were significantly activated when treated with 1 nM BiTE in the presence of HPAC target cells as compared to HPNE control cells. Importantly treatment with the CDCP1 BiTE alone or with Fab lacking the CD3 targeting component resulted in no significant T-cell activation.

FIG. 6A-6C depicts the characterization of CDCP1 expression levels in cancer cell lines and in normal human tissues. FIG. 6A: Bmax determination for CDCP1 expression on HPAC, SW620, MiaPaCa2, and A549 cells using a titration of ¹²⁵I labeled CDCP1-002. FIG. 6B: GTEx database analysis of the tissue specific gene-expression of CDCP1 shows limited expression in normal tissues. FIG. 6C: GTEx database analysis of the tissue specific gene-expression of HER2, a classically targeted cell-surface protein overexpressed in sub-types of breast cancer.

FIG. 7A-7E illustrates that CDCP1 expression is coupled to MAPK signaling in cells and mice. FIG. 7A: A schematic of the RAS signaling pathway and the pharmacological approach used to elucidate the mechanism by which RAS signaling influences CDCP1 expression. Cells were treated with one of five inhibitors and CDCP1 expression was profiled by flow cytometry and western blotting after 48 hours of treatment. FIG. 7B: Expression levels of CDCP1 on MCF10A KRASG12V cells were profiled by intact cell flow cytometry (top) and western blotting (bottom) under the influence of different signaling inhibitors. Data confirms that pharmacological blockade of MAPK signaling is sufficient to shut down cellular expression and cell-surface localization of CDCP1. Expression levels of CDCP1 were insensitive to treatment with the EGFR inhibitor, Gefitinib, indicating that RAS plays the major driving role the expression of CDCP1. FIG. 7C: Expression levels of CDCP1 on two KRAS mutant cancer cell lines were profiled by intact cell flow cytometry (top) and western blotting (bottom). Consistent with proteomics observations in the MCF10A KRASG12V cells, expression and cell-surface localization of CDCP1 was depleted by MEK inhibition but refractory to EGFR inhibition. FIG. 7D: Representative microPET images of four immunocompromised nu/nu mice bearing cancer xenografts targeted with a ⁸⁹Zr-labeled CDCP1 Fab. Images over time show the tumor-specific expression of CDCP1, as well as the persistent binding of the Fab to the tumor over 24 hours (Left). Importantly, when the same Fab was heat denatured prior to injection or when a negative control xenograft was used, there was no observable uptake of the ⁸⁹Zr-Fab (Middle and Right). Remarkably, no uptake was observed in the mouse treated with a sub-toxic dose of MEKi prior to imaging, demonstrating the coupling of CDCP1 expression and MAPK pathway signaling in vivo. FIG. 7E: Quantification of tumor specific bio-distribution of the CDCP1⁸⁹Zr-Fab in tumor bearing nu/nu mice (n=5 per treatment arm) confirms the trends observed by microPET imaging Tumor localization of ⁸⁹Zr-Fab was antigen dependent and ablated by specific inhibition of MAPK signaling.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While there have been tremendous efforts to target oncogenic RAS signaling from inside the cell, little effort has focused on the cell-surface. The present disclosure describes use of quantitative surface proteomics to reveal that the CUB domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is upregulated on cells transformed with KRASG12V, and driven by MAPK pathway signaling. A toolkit of recombinant antibodies to CDCP1 were generated and subsequently used to determine that CDCP1 is broadly distributed on cancer cell lines harboring RAS mutations. In parallel, a cell-surface CRISPRi screen was employed. Antibodies targeting CDCP1, a protein common to the proteomics and CRISPRi datasets, can be leveraged to deliver cytotoxic and immunotherapeutic payloads to RAS-transformed cancer cells. The anti-CDCP1 antibodies can also be used to assess RAS signaling status in vivo. Taken together, this work presents a technological platform for attacking RAS from outside the cell.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless indicated otherwise. For example, “an” excipient includes one or more excipients.

The phrase “comprising” as used herein is open-ended, indicating that such embodiments may include additional elements. In contrast, the phrase “consisting of” is closed, indicating that such embodiments do not include additional elements (except for trace impurities). The phrase “consisting essentially of” is partially closed, indicating that such embodiments may further comprise elements that do not materially change the basic characteristics of such embodiments. It is understood that aspects and embodiments described herein as “comprising” include “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” embodiments.

I. Anti-CDCP1 Antibodies

In one aspect, provided herein are antibodies and antibody fragments that specifically bind the CUB-domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1). The CDCP1 protein, which is also referred to in the literature as SIMA135, CD318 and TRASK (transmembrane and associated with src kinases), has a large extracellular domain of 665 amino acids and contains three CUB domains. The CUB domains mediate protein-protein interactions and are presumed to be involved in cell adhesion and interaction with the extracellular matrix (Bhatt et al., Oncogene, 24:5333-5343, 2005; and Casar et al., Oncogene, 33:255-268, 2014). For example, CDCP1 cellular adhesion plays a role in controlling phosphorylation status in at least keratinocytes. As described herein, CDCP1 expression appears to be regulated by RAS.

As used herein, CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is meant to include the extracellular portion of the full length CDCP1 protein. As is well known in the art, CDCP1 is a glycosylated transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain of approximately 638 amino acids. The full length human version of CDCP1, after cleaving of the signal peptide (residues 1-29 of the full length chain) is 807 amino acids in length. The amino acid sequence of human CDCP1 is found at Uniprot Record No. Q9H5V8, the entirely of which is incorporated by reference. As used herein, CDCP1 includes the human version and any natural variant thereof. For example, one natural variant of CDCP1 includes a Q525R mutation (with the numbering including the first 29 amino acids as the signal sequence that is subsequently cleaved), which is in the extracellular domain of the CDCP1. The antibody or antibody fragments of the present disclosure bind to the extracellular portion of the “mature” (lacking signal peptide) version of the CDCP1 protein.

As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to an immunoglobulin molecule that can specifically bind to a particular antigen. Antibodies have different isotypes or classes, such as but not limited to the isotypes known as IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM. The term antibody as used herein encompasses all isotypes. As is well understood in the art, a typical antibody is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. The heavy chains are joined to one another via at least one disulfide bond and each light chain is joined to a heavy chain via a disulfide bond. Each heavy and light chain generally comprises a “variable domain” (VH and VL, respectively) at or near the N-terminus of the antibody. The variable domains for each chain are critical for antigen binding. The light chain contains one additional “constant region” (CL) and the heavy chain contains three or four additional constant regions (CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4). Thus, in specific embodiments, any of the antibodies provided herein may be IgA antibodies, IgD antibodies, IgE antibodies, IgG antibodies, or IgM antibodies. In other specific embodiments, any of the antibodies provided herein is a monoclonal antibody, e.g., comprising two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains.

The VH and VL chains generally each comprise three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that determine antigen binding specificity. The CDRs can also be referred to as “loops” or “L regions.” The framework regions (FRs) are amino acid stretches within the VH and VL intervening between the CDRs. In full length VH and VL chains, each chain comprises three CDRs (Ls) and four framework regions (FR1 through FR4). The 4 FRs are separated respectively by the three CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, CDR3) or (L1, L2, L3). The CDRs, and in particular the CDR3 regions, and more particularly the VH CDR3, may, in certain embodiments, be largely responsible for antibody specificity.

A Fab fragment (fragment antigen-binding) is a region of an antibody that binds to antigens. Fab fragments may comprise one constant domain (CL and CH1) and one variable chain (VL and VH) of each of the heavy and the light chain. F(ab′)₂ refers to an antibody fragment comprising a Fab dimer. Fab and F(ab′)₂ may be generated by recombinant technology or by cleavage of an antibody or a fragment of antibody.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides monoclonal antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, which specifically bind to human CDCP1. The monoclonal antibody may be a human antibody, a humanized antibody, or a chimeric antibody, and may include a constant region. In some embodiments, the human constant region is selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 constants regions. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, F(ab′)₂, scFV and Fv fragments.

An antibody fragment may comprise part of an immunoglobulin molecule or a combination of parts of immunoglobulin molecules. In specific embodiments, the antibody fragments provided herein retain the ability to bind the same antigen that the full-length antibody binds, e.g., CDCP1, e.g., a CUB domain of CDCP1. The fragment may or may not bind to the exact same epitope as the full length antibody from which the fragment is derived. Antibody fragments include but are not limited to F(ab′)₂, Fab, Fv and Fc fragment, as well as fusion peptide such as single chain Fv (scFv) fragments. ScFv fragments are single chain peptides that contain a VH chain and the VL chain, e.g., any of the VH and VL chains provided herein, linked to one another via a linker peptide. In specific embodiments, the connector peptide ranges from about two to about 50 amino acids. In some embodiments, the connector peptide ranges from about two to about 10 amino acids, from about 10 to about 15 amino acids, from about 15 to about 20 amino acids, from about 20 to about 25 amino acids, from about 25 to about 30 amino acids, from about 30 to about 35 amino acids, from about 35 to about 40 amino acids, from about 40 to about 45 amino acids or from about 45 to about 50 amino acids. The ScFv may retain the antigen binding ability of the original immunoglobulin molecule.

In select embodiments, the antibodies or antibody fragments provided herein comprise the variable heavy chain (VH) amino acid sequence of the Fab heavy chain of SEQ ID NO:1:

EISEVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGF NFSSSSIHWV RQAPGKGLEW VASISSSYGY TYYADSVKGR FTISADTSKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RTVRGSKKPY FSGWAMDYWG QGTLVTVSSA STKGPSVFPL APSSKSTSGG TAALGCLVKD YFPEPVTVSW NSGALTSGVH TFPAVLQSSG LYSLSSVVTV PSSSLGTQTY ICNVNHKPSN TKVDKKVEPK SCDKTHTGGS HHHHHH. In other embodiments, the antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure comprise the variable light chain (VL) amino acid sequence of the Fab heavy chain of SEQ ID NO:9:

SDIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DFTLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCQ QSSYSLITFG QGTKVEIKRT VAAPSVFIFP PSDSQLKSGT ASVVCLLNNF YPREAKVQWK VDNALQSGNS QESVTEQDSK DSTYSLSSTL TLSKADYEKH KVYACEVTHQ GLSSPVTKSF NRGECGGSDY KDDDDK. In still other embodiments, the antibodies or antibody fragments comprise both the VH of SEQ ID NO:1 and the VL of SEQ ID NO:9. The antibody or antibody fragment (i.e., CDCP1-binding fragment) containing the VH and VL of SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:9, respectively, is referred to herein as CDCP1-001. As used herein, the term “antibody fragment” refers to an “antigen-binding fragment” (i.e., CDCP1-binding fragment) of the designated antibody.

The underlined portions of the VH and VL amino acid sequences of the Fab heavy and light chains above represent the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) in each chain, as per the IMGT system (Lefranc et al., Dev Comp Immunol, 27:55-77, 2003). For example, CDR1 of the VH is the amino acid sequence FSSSSI (SEQ ID NO: 3), CDR2 of the VH is the amino acid sequence SISSSYGYTY (SEQ ID NO: 5) and CDR3 of the VH is the amino acid sequence is TVRGSKKPYFSGWAM (SEQ ID NO: 7). The non-underlined portions of the sequences above represent the framework regions (PRs). For example, FR1 of the VH is the amino acid sequence EISEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFN (SEQ ID NO:2), FR2 of the VH is the amino acid sequence HWVRQAPGKGLEWVA (SEQ ID NO:4), FR3 of the VH is the amino acid sequence YADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAR (SEQ ID NO:6) and FR4 of the VH is the amino acid sequence DYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:8). Likewise, CDR1 of VL is the amino acid sequence RASQSVSSAVA (SEQ ID NO:11), CDR2 of VL is the amino acid sequence SASSLYS (SEQ ID NO:13) and CDR3 of the VL is the amino acid sequence SSYSLI (SEQ ID NO:15). The FR1 of the VL is the amino acid sequence SDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITC (SEQ ID NO:10), FR2 of VL is the amino acid sequence WYQQKPGKAPKLLIY (SEQ ID NO:12), FR3 of VL is the amino acid sequence GVPSRFSGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQ (SEQ ID NO:14) and FR4 of the VL is the amino acid sequence TFGQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO:16). In the exemplary Fab heavy and light chain sequences shown above, DKTHTGGSHHHHHH (SEQ ID NO:79) and GGSDYKDDDDK (SEQ ID NO:80) are affinity tags.

In other embodiments, the antibodies or antibody fragments comprise VH FR1-FR4, VL FR1-FR4 and VL CDR1-CDR2 of the CDCP1-001 fragment disclosed above, and different VH CDR1-CDR3 and VL CDR3, as shown below in Table A-1. In another embodiment, the antibodies or antibody fragments comprise VL CDR1-CDR2 of the CDCP1-001 fragment, and different VH CDR1-CDR3 VL CDR3, as shown below in Table A-1. In other words, in these specific embodiments, the antibodies or antibody fragments CDCP1-002 through CDCP1-011 would possess the VH CDRs and the VL CDR3 listed in Table A-1, respectively, plus the VL CDR1 (SEQ ID NO:11) and VL CDR2 (SEQ ID NO:13) from the CDCP1-001 fragment. For example, in one embodiment, the VH CDCP1-002 comprises the amino acid sequence from N-terminus to C-terminus: SEQ ID NO:2 (VH FR1), SEQ ID NO: 17 (VH CDR1), SEQ ID NO:4 (VH FR2), SEQ ID NO:18 (VH CDR2), SEQ ID NO:6 (VH FR3), SEQ ID NO:19 (VH CDR3) and SEQ ID NO:8 (VH FR4). Similarly, in one embodiment, the VL CDCP1-002 comprises the amino acid sequence from N-terminus to C-terminus: SEQ ID NO:10 (VL FR1), SEQ ID NO: 11 (VH CDR1), SEQ ID NO:12 (VH FR2), SEQ ID NO:13 (VH CDR2), SEQ ID NO:14 (VH FR3), SEQ ID NO:20 (VH CDR3) and SEQ ID NO:16 (VH FR4). The combination of VH FRs1-4 and VH CDRs1-3, in proper order, make up the VH chain for each of the 001-011 anti-CDCP1 antibody fragments. Similarly, the combination of VL FRs1-4 and VL CDRs1-3, in proper order, make up the VL chain for each of the 001-011 anti-CDCP1 antibody fragments.

TABLE A-1 Sequences of CDRs of Anti-CDCP1 Fabs Fab Region CDR1 CDR2 CDR3 CDCP1-001 V_(H) FSSSSI SISSSYGYTY TVRGSKKPYFSGWAM (SEQ ID NO: 3) (SEQ ID NO: 5) (SEQ ID NO: 7) CDCP1-001 V_(L) RASQSVSSAVA SASSLYS SSYSLI (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 15) CDCP1-002 V_(H) LSYYYI SIYSSSSYTS AYYGF (SEQ ID NO: 17) (SEQ ID NO: 18) (SEQ ID NO: 19) CDCP1-002 V_(L) RASQSVSSAVA SASSLYS SYYYYPI (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 20) CDCP1-003 V_(H) ISYYSM SISPYSGYTS GYYAL (SEQ ID NO: 21) (SEQ ID NO: 22) (SEQ ID NO: 23) CDCP1-003 V_(L) RASQSVSSAVA SASSLYS YYYFYPF (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 24) CDCP1-004 V_(H) ISYYYM SIYSSYGYTS VYYGF (SEQ ID NO: 25) (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 27) CDCP1-004 V_(L) RASQSVSSAVA SASSLYS SYYVYPI (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 28) CDCP1-005 V_(H) ISYYYI SIYPYYGSTY AYYGF (SEQ ID NO: 29) (SEQ ID NO: 30) (SEQ ID NO: 31) CDCP1-005 V_(L) RASQSVSSAVA SASSLYS SYWSFPI (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 32) CDCP1-006 V_(H) LYYSYM YISPYSGSTY YSYSAL (SEQ ID NO: 33) (SEQ ID NO: 34) (SEQ ID NO: 35) CDCP1-006 V_(L) RASQSVSSAVA SASSLYS SSWHYHLF (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 36) CDCP1-007 V_(H) IYSYYI SIYPYYGYTS AYYGM (SEQ ID NO: 37) (SEQ ID NO: 38) (SEQ ID NO: 39) CDCP1-007 V_(L) RASQSVSSAVA SASSLYS SYFYWPI (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 40) CDCP1-008 V_(H) ISSYYM SIYPYSGYTY AYYAM (SEQ ID NO: 41) (SEQ ID NO: 42) (SEQ ID NO: 43) CDCP1-008 V_(L) RASQSVSSAVA SASSLYS SYYVYPI (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 44) CDCP1-009 V_(H) LYSYYI SIYPYYSSTS YYYAM (SEQ ID NO: 45) (SEQ ID NO: 46) (SEQ ID NO: 47) CDCP1-009 V_(L) RASQSVSSAVA SASSLYS GYAGSWHPI (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 48) CDCP1-010 V_(H) IYSYSM SISPYYSYTS AYYAL (SEQ ID NO: 49) (SEQ ID NO: 50) (SEQ ID NO: 51) CDCP1-010 V_(L) RASQSVSSAVA SASSLYS SYWYYPI (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 52) CDCP1-011 V_(H) ISYYYM SIYSSSSYTS SYYAM (SEQ ID NO: 53) (SEQ ID NO: 54) (SEQ ID NO: 55) CDCP1-011 V_(L) RASQSVSSAVA SASSLYS SYYVYPI (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 56)

TABLE A-2 Sequences of Variable Regions of Anti-CDCP1 Fabs? Fab Variable Region CDCP1-002 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO: 57) EVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGF NLSYYYIHWV RQAPGKGLEW VASIYSSSSY TSYADSVKGR FTISADTSKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RAYYGFDYWG QGTLVTVSS CDCP1-002 V_(L) (SEQ ID NO: 58) DIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DFTLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCQ QSYYYYPITFG QGTKVEIK CDCP1-003 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO: 59) EVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGF NISYYSMHWV RQAPGKGLEW VASISPYSGY TSYADSVKGR FTISADTSKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RGYYALDYWG QGTLVTVSS CDCP1-003 V_(L) (SEQ ID NO: 60) DIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DFTLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCQ QYYYFYPFTFG QGTKVEIK CDCP1-004 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO: 61) EVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGF NISYYYMHWV RQAPGKGLEW VASIYSSYGY TSYADSVKGR FTISADTSKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RVYYGFDYWG QGTLVTVSS CDCP1-004 V_(L) (SEQ ID NO: 62) DIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DFTLTISSLO PEDFATYYCQ QSYYVYPITFG QGTKVEIK CDCP1-005 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO: 63) EVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGF NISYYYIHWV RQAPGKGLEW VASIYPYYGS TYYADSVKGR FTISADISKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RAYYGFDYWG QGTLVTVSS CDCP1-005 V_(L) (SEQ ID NO: 64) DIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DFTLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCQ QSYWSFPITFG QGTKVEIK CDCP1-006 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO: 65) EVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGF NLYYSYMHWV RQAPGKGLEW VAYISPYSGS TYYADSVKGR FTISADTSKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RYSYSALDYWG QGTLVTVSS CDCP1-006 V_(L) (SEQ ID NO: 66) DIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DFTLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCQ QSSWHYHLFTFG QGTKVEIK CDCP1-007 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO: 67) EVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGF NIYSYYIHWV RQAPGKGLEW VASIYPYYGY TSYADSVKGR FTISADTSKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RAYYGMDYWG QGTLVTVSS CDCP1-007 V_(L) (SEQ ID NO: 68) DIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DFTLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCQ QSYFYWPITFG QGTKVEIK CDCP1-008 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO: 69) EVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGF NISSYYMHWV RQAPGKGLEW VASIYPYSGY TYYADSVKGR FTISADTSKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RAYYAMDYWG QGTLVTVSS CDCP1-008 V_(L) (SEQ ID NO: 70) DIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DETLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCQ QSYYVYPITFG QGTKVEIK CDCP1-009 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO: 71) EVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGE NLYSYYIHWV RQAPGKGLEW VASIYPYYSS TSYADSVKGR FTISADTSKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RYYYAMDYWG QGTLVTVSS CDCP1-009 V_(L) (SEQ ID NO: 72) DIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DETLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCQ QGYAGSWHPITFG QGTKVEIK CDCP1-010 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO: 73) EVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGF NIYSYSMHWV RQAPGKGLEW VASISPYYSY TSYADSVKGR FTISADTSKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RAYYALDYWG QGTLVTVSS CDCP1-010 V_(L) (SEQ ID NO: 74) DIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DETLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCQ QSYWYYPITFG QGTKVEIK CDCP1-011 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO: 75) EVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGF NISYYYMHWV RQAPGKGLEW VASIYSSSSY TSYADSVKGR FTISADTSKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RSYYAMDYWG QGTLVTVSS CDCP1-011 V_(L) (SEQ ID NO: 76) DIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DFTLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCQ QSYYVYPITFG QGTKVEIK CDCP1-001 V_(H) (SEQ ID NO: 77) EVQLVES GGGLVQPGGS LRLSCAASGF NFSSSSIHWV RQAPGKGLEW VASISSSYGY TYYADSVKGR FTISADTSKN TAYLQMNSLR AEDTAVYYCA RTVRGSKKPY FSGWAMDYWG QGTLVTVSS CDCP1-001 V_(L) (SEQ ID NO: 78) DIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSV SSAVAWYQQK PGKAPKLLIY SASSLYSGVP SRFSGSRSGT DFTLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCQ QSSYSLITFG QGTKVEIK ^(∧)CDR sequences are underlined

Similarly, the combination of any 4 VH FR regions with VH CDRs1-3 from Table A-1, in proper order, would make up a VH chain for an anti-CDCP1 antibody or antibody fragment that is within the scope of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the combination of any 4 VL FRs1, VL CDR1 (SEQ ID NO:11), CDR2 (SEQ ID NO:13) and VL CDR3 from Table A-1, in proper order, make up the VL chain for an anti-CDCP1 antibody or antibody fragment that is within the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure provides humanized antibodies or antibody fragments. For example, humanized antibodies or antibody fragments may be generated by inserting CDRs generated in animals into framework regions from other human antibodies or antibody fragments. Thus, the framework regions of the antibody or antibody fragments need not be the identical amino acid sequences of the framework regions of the CDCP1-001 antibody.

In certain embodiments, an antibody or antibody fragment provided herein comprises:

-   -   the VH amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:57, and the VL         amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:58;     -   the VH amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:59, and the VL         amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:60;     -   the VH amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:61, and the VL         amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:62;     -   the VH amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:63, and the VL         amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:64;     -   the VH amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:65, and the VL         amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:66;     -   the VH amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:67, and the VL         amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:68;     -   the VH amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:69, and the VL         amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:70;     -   the VH amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:71, and the VL         amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:72;     -   the VH amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:73, and the VL         amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:74;     -   the VH amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:75, and the VL         amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:76; or     -   the VH amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:77, and the VL         amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:78.

In certain embodiments, an antibody or antibody fragment provided herein comprises the VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:1 above, combined with the VL CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:9 above. Optionally, the VL CDR3 shown in SEQ ID NO:9 may be substituted with one of the VL CDR3 sequences shown in Table A-1. Thus, in specific embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antibody fragments that comprise:

-   -   VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ         ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:7, and VL CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13         and SEQ ID NO:15;     -   VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ         ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18 and SEQ ID NO:19, and VL CDR1, CDR2 and         CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID         NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:20;     -   VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ         ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:23, and VL CDR1, CDR2 and         CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID         NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:24;     -   VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ         ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26 and SEQ ID NO:27, and VL CDR1, CDR2 and         CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID         NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:28;     -   VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ         ID NO 29, SEQ ID NO:30 and SEQ ID NO:31, and VL CDR1, CDR2 and         CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID         NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:32;     -   VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ         ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34 and SEQ ID NO:35, and VL CDR1, CDR2 and         CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID         NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:36;     -   VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ         ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38 and SEQ ID NO:39, and VL CDR1, CDR2 and         CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID         NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:40;     -   VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ         ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:42 and SEQ ID NO:43, and VL CDR1, CDR2 and         CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID         NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:44;     -   VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ         ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:47, and VL CDR1, CDR2 and         CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID         NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:48;     -   VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ         ID NO:49, SEQ ID NO:50 and SEQ ID NO:51, and VL CDR1, CDR2 and         CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID         NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:52; or     -   VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ         ID NO:53, SEQ ID NO:54 and SEQ ID NO:55, and VL CDR1, CDR2 and         CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID         NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:56.

In some embodiments, an antibody or antibody fragment provided herein comprises:

-   -   the VH amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of         SEQ ID NO:57, SEQ ID NO:59, SEQ ID NO:61, SEQ ID NO:63, SEQ ID         NO:65, SEQ ID NO:67, SEQ ID NO:69, SEQ ID NO:71, SEQ ID NO:73,         SEQ ID NO:75, and SEQ ID NO:77; and     -   the VL amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of         SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ID NO:60, SEQ ID NO:62, SEQ ID NO:64, SEQ ID         NO:66, SEQ ID NO:68, SEQ ID NO:70, SEQ ID NO:72, SEQ ID NO:74,         SEQ ID NO:76, and SEQ ID NO:78. For instance, an antibody or         antibody fragment provided herein may comprise the VH amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO:57, and the VL amino acid sequence         selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ID         NO:60, SEQ ID NO:62, SEQ ID NO:64, SEQ ID NO:66, SEQ ID NO:68,         SEQ ID NO:70, SEQ ID NO:72, SEQ ID NO:74, SEQ ID NO:76, and SEQ         ID NO:78. Similarly, an antibody or antibody fragment provided         herein may comprise the VL amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:58,         and the VH amino acid sequence selected from the group         consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:57, SEQ ID NO:59, SEQ ID         NO:61, SEQ ID NO:63, SEQ ID NO:65, SEQ ID NO:67, SEQ ID NO:69,         SEQ ID NO:71, SEQ ID NO:73, SEQ ID NO:75, and SEQ ID NO:77.

In other embodiments, any of the antibodies provided herein may be a part of a bispecific or multispecific antibody. The bispecific or multispecific antibody may have both, or all, binding domains specific for CDCP1 (e.g., a CUB domain of CDCP1). For instance a bispecific antibody may comprise VH and VL from any combination of two of the anti-CDCP1-specific Fab sequences shown in Table A-2. Alternatively, the bispecific or multispecific antibody may have a single binding domain specific for CDCP1 (e.g., a CUB domain of CDCP1), and one or more domains specific for a second antigen. In similar fashion, a bispecific antibody can comprise VH and VL from any other combination two of the anti-CDCP1-specific Fab sequences provided herein. The CDCP1-binding domains of the present disclosure may be contained in other antibody formats, including but not limited to monospecific Fab2, bispecific Fab2, trispecific Fab3, monovalent IgGT, bispecific diabody, trispecific triabody, scFv-Fc, minibody, etc.

In still further embodiments, the CDCP1-binding domains of the present disclosure may form part of a “T-cell engager” comprising a CD3 binding domain for a linking a T cell to a CDCP1+ cancer cell (anti-CDCP1×anti-CD3). Alternatively, the CDCP1-binding domains of the present disclosure may form part of a “NK-cell engager” comprising a NKG2D or CD16 binding domain for linking a NK cell to a CDCP1+ cancer cell (anti-CDCP1×anti-NKG2D or anti-CD16). Additionally, the CDCP1-binding domains of the present disclosure may form part of an ectodomain of a chimeric T cell receptor.

As used herein with respect to polypeptides, the term “substantially pure” means that the polypeptides are essentially free of other substances with which they may be found in nature or in vivo systems to an extent practical and appropriate for their intended use. In particular, the polypeptides are sufficiently pure and are sufficiently free from other biological constituents of their host cells so as to be useful in, for example, generating antibodies, sequencing, or producing pharmaceutical preparations. By techniques well known in the art, substantially pure polypeptides may be produced in light of the polynucleotide and amino acid sequences disclosed herein. Because a substantially purified polypeptide of the disclosure may be admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in a pharmaceutical preparation, the polypeptide may comprise only a certain percentage by weight of the preparation. The polypeptide is nonetheless substantially pure in that it has been substantially separated from the substances with which it may be associated in living systems.

As used herein, “sequence identity” is a measure of the identity of nucleotide sequences or amino acid sequences compared to a reference nucleotide or amino acid sequence. A polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least, for example, about 95% “sequence identity” to a reference an amino acid sequence, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1, is understood to mean that the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is identical to the reference sequence except that the amino acid sequence may include up to about five modifications per each 100 amino acids of the reference amino acid sequence. In other words, to obtain a peptide having at least about 95% sequence identity to a reference amino acid sequence, up to about 5% of the amino acid residues of the reference sequence may be deleted or substituted with another amino acid or a number of amino acids up to about 5% of the total amino acids in the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference sequence. These modifications of the reference sequence may occur at the N- terminus or C-terminus positions of the reference amino acid sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among amino acids in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.

In general, the sequences are aligned so that the highest order match is obtained. “Sequence identity” per se has an art-recognized meaning and can be calculated using well known techniques. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the algorithm used to determine sequence identity between two or more polypeptides is BLASTP. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the algorithm used to determine sequence identity between two or more polypeptides is FASTDB (Brutlag, Comp. App. Biosci. 6:237-245, 1990). In a FASTDB sequence alignment, the query and reference sequences are amino sequences. The result of sequence alignment is in percent sequence identity. In one embodiment, parameters that may be used in a FASTDB alignment of amino acid sequences to calculate percent sequence identity include, but are not limited to: Matrix=PAM, k-tuple=2, Mismatch Penalty=1, Joining Penalty=20, Randomization Group Length=0, Cutoff Score=1, Gap Penalty=5, Gap Size Penalty 0.05, Window Size=500 or the length of the subject amino sequence, whichever is shorter.

If the reference sequence is shorter or longer than the query sequence because of N-terminus or C-terminus additions or deletions, but not because of internal additions or deletions, a manual correction can be made, because the FASTDB program does not account for N-terminus and C-terminus truncations or additions of the reference sequence when calculating percent sequence identity. For query sequences truncated at the N- or C-termini, relative to the reference sequence, the percent sequence identity is corrected by calculating the number of residues of the query sequence that are N-and C-terminus to the reference sequence that are not matched/aligned, as a percent of the total bases of the query sequence. The results of the FASTDB sequence alignment determine matching/alignment. The alignment percentage is then subtracted from the percent sequence identity, calculated by the above FASTDB program using the specified parameters, to arrive at a final percent sequence identity score. This corrected score can be used for the purposes of determining how alignments “correspond” to each other, as well as percentage sequence identity. Residues of the reference sequence that extend past the N- or C-termini of the query sequence may be considered for the purposes of manually adjusting the percent sequence identity score. That is, residues that are not matched/aligned with the N- or C-termini of the comparison sequence may be counted when manually adjusting the percent sequence identity score or alignment numbering.

For example, a 90 amino acid residue query sequence is aligned with a 100 residue reference sequence to determine percent identity. The deletion occurs at the N-terminus of the query sequence and therefore, the FASTDB alignment does not show a match/alignment of the first 10 residues at the N-terminus. The 10 unpaired residues represent 10% of the reference sequence (number of residues at the N- and C-termini not matched/total number of residues in the reference sequence) so 10% is subtracted from the percent sequence identity score calculated by the FASTDB program. If the remaining 90 residues were perfectly matched (100% alignment) the final percent sequence identity would be 90% (100% alignment-10% unmatched overhang). In another example, a 90 residue query sequence is compared with a 100 reference sequence, except that the deletions are internal deletions. In this case the percent sequence identity calculated by FASTDB is not manually corrected, since there are no residues at the N- or C-termini of the subject sequence that are not matched/aligned with the query. In still another example, a 110 amino acid query sequence is aligned with a 100 residue reference sequence to determine percent sequence identity. The addition in the query occurs at the N-terminus of the query sequence and therefore, the FASTDB alignment may not show a match/alignment of the first 10 residues at the N-terminus. If the remaining 100 amino acid residues of the query sequence have 95% sequence identity to the entire length of the reference sequence, the N-terminal addition of the query would be ignored and the percent identity of the query to the reference sequence would be 95%.

As used here, the term “conservative substitution” denotes the replacement of an amino acid residue by another biologically similar residue. Conservative substitution for this purpose may be defined as set out in the tables below Amino acids can be classified according to physical properties and contribution to secondary and tertiary protein structure as shown in Table B and Table C. A conservative substitution is recognized in the art as a substitution of one amino acid for another amino acid that has similar properties, such as a substitution of one amino acid for another amino acid in the same row of Table B or Table C. Exemplary conservative substitutions are set out below in Table D.

TABLE B Amino Acid Classification—5 Groups Side Chain Characteristic Amino Acid Aliphatic Non-polar Gly, Ala, Pro, Iso, Leu, Val Polar-uncharged Cys, Ser, Thr, Met, Asn, Gln Polar-charged Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg Aromatic His, Phe, Trp, Tyr Other Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu

TABLE C Amino Acid Classification—10 Groups Side Chain Characteristic Amino Acid Non-polar (hydrophobic) Aliphatic: Ala, Leu, Iso, Val, Pro Aromatic: Phe, Trp Sulfur-containing: Met Borderline: Gly Uncharged-polar Hydroxyl: Ser, Thr, Tyr Amides: Asn, Gln Sulfhydryl: Cys Borderline: Gly Positively Charged (Basic): Lys, Arg, His Negatively Charged (Acidic) Asp, Glu

TABLE D Conservative Amino Acid Substitutions Original Residue Exemplary Substitution Ala (A) Val, Leu, Ile Arg (R) Lys, Gln, Asn Asn (N) Gln, His, Lys, Arg Asp (D) Glu Cys (C) Ser Gln (Q) Asn Glu (E) Asp His (H) Asn, Gln, Lys, Arg Ile (I) Leu, Val, Met, Ala, Phe Leu (L) Ile, Val, Met, Ala, Phe Lys (K) Arg, Gln, Asn Met (M) Leu, Phe, Ile Phe (F) Leu, Val, Ile, Ala Pro (P) Gly Ser (S) Thr Thr (T) Ser Trp (W) Tyr Tyr (Y) Trp, Phe, Thr, Ser Val (V) Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Ala

In select embodiments, the disclosure is directed to antibodies or antibody fragments where the amino acid sequence of one or more framework regions is mutated. In one specific embodiment, the mutations in the one or more framework regions is a conserved substitution. In more specific embodiments, the antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity to any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, and SEQ ID NO:16.

Likewise, in some embodiments, the disclosure is directed to antibodies or antibody fragments that have a high level of identity to the VH and VL amino acid sequences of any one of exemplary antibodies CDCP1-001 to CDCP1-011. In specific embodiments, the antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:57-78.

2. Antibody Conjugates

The disclosure also provides for antibodies or antibody fragments that are conjugated to one or more labels or cytotoxic agents. In one specific embodiment, the disclosure provides antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). As used herein, an ADC need not be composed of an entire, intact antibody and instead can be composed of any one of the antibody fragments disclosed herein. ADCs are well known in the art and typically include an antibody or antibody fragment, cytotoxic agent and a linker molecule that links the antibody or antibody fragment and the cytotoxic agent. In general, the linker is designed to be susceptible to intracellular enzymes that break down the linker to release the cytotoxic agent from the antibody or antibody fragment.

As used herein, a cytotoxic agent is a compound that, depending on the dosage required, generally interferes with or inhibits cell growth, or kills cells to which the cytotoxic agent is administered. Cytotoxic agents may or may not be approved for use in humans at certain dosages. For example, some ADCs comprise compounds that are typically too toxic for human administration, but the ADCs herein can include approved agents as well. Examples of classes of compounds that may be used as cytotoxic agents in the ADCs of the present disclosure include but are not limited to kinase inhibitors, cytoskeletal disruptors, anthracyclines such as daunomycin or doxorubicin, epothilones, Type I topoisomerase inhibitors, Type II topoisomerase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, nucleotide analogs and precursor analogs, alkylating agents, platinum-based agents, Vinca alkaloids and derivatives, calicheamycins, and retinoids. Other examples of cytotoxic agents to which the antibody or antibody fragment may be linked include but are not limited to, monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), duocarmycin, maytansinoids, methotrexate, vindesine, a taxane such as docetaxel, paclitaxel, larotaxel, tesetaxel, or ortataxel, a dolastatin or a trichothecene. Other examples of agents to which the antibody or antibody fragment may be linked include those listed in Vater and Goldmacher, (2010) Antibody-Cytotoxic Compound Conjugates for Oncology in: Reddy and Couvreur (eds.) Macromolecular Anticancer Therapeutics. Macromolecular Anticancer Therapeutics, Springer, New York, N.Y.

In certain embodiments, any of the anti-CDCP1 antibodies or antibody fragments thereof provided herein are labeled such that the antibodies or antibody fragments can be detected, e.g., once bound to CDCP1. The labels may be conjugated directed to the antibody or antibody fragment, or the label may be attached to the antibody or antibody fragment via a linker moiety. Labels for antibodies are well known in the art and include but are not limited to biotin, fluorescent dyes, fluorescent proteins and enzymes. Labels include, but are not limited to, directly detected labels (e.g., fluorescent, chromophoric, electron-dense, chemiluminescent, and radioactive labels), as well as labels such as enzymes or ligands that are indirectly detected, e.g., through an enzymatic reaction or molecular interaction. Exemplary labels include, but are not limited to, radioisotopes such as ³²P, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ¹³H, and ¹³¹I, positron emitters, e.g., ⁶⁸Ga, ¹⁸F, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁶Y, ⁷⁶Br, ⁸⁹Zr, and ¹²⁴I, fluorophores such as rare earth chelates or fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, dansyl, umbelliferone, luceriferases, e.g., firefly luciferase or bacterial luciferase, luciferin, 2,3-dihydrophthalazinediones, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, glucoamylase, lysozyme, saccharide oxidases, e.g., glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, heterocyclic oxidases such as uricase and xanthine oxidase, in combination with an enzyme that employs hydrogen peroxide to oxidize a dye precursor such as horseradish peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, or microperoxidase, biotin/avidin, spin labels, bacteriophage labels, stable free radicals, and similar molecules.

3. Polynucleotides

Also provided herein are polynucleotides that encode the antibodies or antibody fragments disclosed herein, e.g., encode any of the heavy or light chains described herein. The nucleic acids of the disclosure can be DNA or RNA, for example, mRNA. The nucleic acid molecules can be double-stranded or single-stranded; single stranded RNA or DNA can be the coding, or sense, strand or the non-coding, or antisense, strand. In particular, the nucleic acids may encode any of the antibodies or antibody fragments disclosed herein, as well as variants thereof. Of course, the nucleic acids of the present disclosure may encode additional elements, such as his tags and the like. For example, the nucleic acids of the disclosure would include those that encode any of the antibodies or antibody fragments and variants thereof that are also contain a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein, poly-histidine (e.g., His6), poly-HN, poly-lysine, etc. If desired, the nucleotide sequences can include additional non-coding sequences such as non-coding 3′ and 5′ sequences (including regulatory sequences, for example).

In another specific embodiment, the disclosure provides nucleic acids that are hybridizable to a nucleic acid encoding antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure. Various other stringency conditions that promote nucleic acid hybridization can be used. For example, hybridization in 6 XSSC at about 45° C., followed by washing in 2 XSSC at 50° C. may be used. Alternatively, the salt concentration in the wash step can range from low stringency of about 5 XSSC at 50° C., to moderate stringency of about 2 XSSC at 50° C., to high stringency of about 0.2 XSSC at 50° C. In addition, the temperature of the wash step can be increased from low stringency conditions at room temperature, to moderately stringent conditions at about 42° C., to high stringency conditions at about 65° C. Other conditions include, but are not limited to, hybridizing at 68° C. in 0.5M NaHPO₄ (pH 7.2)/1 mM EDTA/7% SDS, or hybridization in 50% formamide/0.25M NaHPO₄ (pH 7.2)/0.25 M NaCl/1 mM EDTA/7% SDS; followed by washing in 40 mM NaHPO₄ (pH 7.2)/1 mM EDTA/5% SDS at 42° C. or in 40 mM NaHPO₄ (pH 7.2)/1 mM EDTA/1% SDS at 50° C. Both temperature and salt may be varied, or alternatively, one or the other variable may remain constant while the other is changed.

Low, moderate and high stringency conditions are well known to those of skill in the art, and will vary predictably depending on the base composition of the particular nucleic acid sequence and on the specific organism from which the nucleic acid sequence is derived. For guidance regarding such conditions see, for example, Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, N.Y and Ausubel et al., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Green Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, New York.

Nucleic acids encoding antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure may be produced by methods well known in the art. In one aspect, nucleic acids encoding the antibodies or antibody fragments can be derived from antibodies or antibody fragments coding sequences by recombinant DNA methods known in the art. Various methods may be used, including but not limited to, oligonucleotide directed, site specific mutagenesis. This and other techniques known in the art may be used to create single or multiple mutations, such as replacements, insertions, deletions, and transpositions.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acids encoding the antibodies or antibody fragments are synthetic nucleic acids in which the codons have been optimized for increased expression in the host cell in which it is produced. The degeneracy of the genetic code permits variations of the nucleotide sequence, while still producing a polypeptide having the identical amino acid sequence as the polypeptide encoded by the native DNA sequence. The frequency of individual synonymous codons for amino acids varies widely from genome to genome among eukaryotes and prokaryotes. These differences in codon choice patterns appear to contribute to the overall expression levels of individual genes by modulating peptide elongation rates. For this reason, it may be desirable and useful to design nucleic acid molecules intended for a particular expression system where the codon frequencies reflect the tRNA frequencies of the host cell or organism in which the protein is expressed. Native codons are exchanged for codons of highly expressed genes in the host cells. For instance, the nucleic acid molecule can be optimized for expression of the encoded protein in bacterial cells (e.g., E. coli), yeast (e.g., Pichia), insect cells (e.g., Drosophila), or mammalian cells or animals (e.g., human, sheep, bovine or mouse cells or animals).

Restriction enzyme sites critical for gene synthesis and DNA manipulation are preserved or destroyed to facilitate nucleic acid and vector construction and expression of the encoded protein. In constructing the synthetic genes of the disclosure it may be desirable to avoid CpG sequences as these sequences may cause gene silencing. The codon optimized sequence can be synthesized and assembled and inserted into an appropriate expression vector using conventional techniques well known to those of skill in the art.

In one particular embodiment, a synthetic nucleic acid encoding antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure comprises at least one codon substitution in which non-preferred or less preferred codon in the natural gene encoding the protein has been replaced by a preferred codon encoding the same amino acid. For instance, in humans the preferred codons are: Ala (GCC); Arg (CGC); Asn (AAC); Asp (GAC); Cys (TGC); Gln (CAG); Gly (GGC); His (CAC); Ile (ATC); Leu (CTG); Lys (AAG); Pro(CCC); Phe (TTC); Ser (AGC); Thr (ACC); Tyr (TAC); and Val (GTG). Less preferred codons are: Gly (GGG); Ile (ATT); Leu (CTC); Ser (TCC); Val (GTC); and Arg (AGG). In general, the degree of preference of a particular codon is indicated by the prevalence of the codon in highly expressed genes. Replacing a codon with another codon that is more prevalent in highly expressed human genes will generally increase expression of the gene in mammalian cells. Accordingly, the disclosure includes replacing a less preferred codon with a preferred codon as well as replacing a non-preferred codon with a preferred or less preferred codon.

Further, nucleic acids containing the antibodies or antibody fragments coding sequences may be truncated by restriction enzyme or exonuclease digestions. Heterologous coding sequences may be added to the antibodies or antibody fragments coding sequences by ligation or PCR amplification. Moreover, DNA encoding the whole or a part of the antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure may be synthesized chemically or using PCR amplification based on the known or deduced amino acid sequence of the antibodies or antibody fragments and any desired alterations to that sequence.

The identified and isolated DNA encoding the antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure can be inserted into an appropriate cloning vector. A large number of vector-host systems known in the art may be used. The term “host” or “host cell” as used herein refers to either in vivo in an animal or in vitro in mammalian cell cultures.

The present disclosure also comprises vectors containing the nucleic acids encoding the antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure. As used herein, a “vector” may be any of a number of nucleic acids into which a desired sequence may be inserted by restriction and ligation for transport between different genetic environments or for expression in a host cell. Vectors are typically composed of DNA although RNA vectors are also available. Vectors include, but are not limited to, plasmids and phagemids. A cloning vector is one which is able to replicate in a host cell, and which is further characterized by one or more endonuclease restriction sites at which the vector may be cut in a determinable fashion and into which a desired DNA sequence may be ligated such that the new recombinant vector retains its ability to replicate in the host cell. An expression vector is one into which a desired DNA sequence may be inserted by restriction and ligation such that it is operably joined to regulatory sequences and may be expressed as an RNA transcript. Vectors may further contain one or more marker sequences suitable for use in the identification and selection of cells which have been transformed or transfected with the vector. Markers include, for example, genes encoding proteins which increase or decrease either resistance or sensitivity to antibiotics or other compounds, genes which encode enzymes whose activities are detectable by standard assays known in the art (e.g., β-galactosidase or alkaline phosphatase), and genes which visibly affect the phenotype of transformed or transfected cells, hosts, colonies or plaques. Examples of vectors include but are not limited to those capable of autonomous replication and expression of the structural gene products present in the DNA segments to which they are operably joined.

In certain respects, the vectors to be used are those for expression of polynucleotides and proteins of the present disclosure. Generally, such vectors comprise cis-acting control regions effective for expression in a host operatively linked to the polynucleotide to be expressed. Appropriate trans-acting factors are supplied by the host, supplied by a complementing vector or supplied by the vector itself upon introduction into the host.

A great variety of expression vectors can be used to express the proteins of the disclosure. Such vectors include chromosomal, episomal and virus-derived vectors, e.g., vectors derived from bacterial plasmids, from bacteriophage, from yeast episomes, from yeast chromosomal elements, from viruses such as adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, baculoviruses, papova viruses, such as SV40, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, fowl pox viruses, pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses, and vectors derived from combinations thereof, such as those derived from plasmid and bacteriophage genetic elements, such as cosmids and phagemids. All may be used for expression in accordance with this aspect of the present disclosure. Generally, any vector suitable to maintain, propagate or the fusion proteins in a host may be used for expression in this regard.

The DNA sequence in the expression vector is generally operably linked to appropriate expression control sequence(s) including, for instance, a promoter to direct mRNA transcription. Representatives of such promoters include, but are not limited to, the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp and tac promoters, HIV promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name just a few of the well-known promoters. In general, expression constructs will contain sites for transcription, initiation and termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs will include a translation initiating AUG at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA, UGA or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.

In addition, the constructs may contain control regions that regulate, as well as engender expression. Generally, such regions will operate by controlling transcription, such as repressor binding sites and enhancers, among others.

As used herein, a coding sequence and regulatory sequences are said to be “operably joined” or “operably linked” when they are covalently linked in such a way as to place the expression or transcription of the coding sequence under the influence or control of the regulatory sequences. If it is desired that the coding sequences be translated into a functional protein, two DNA sequences are said to be operably joined if induction of a promoter in the 5′ regulatory sequences results in the transcription of the coding sequence and if the nature of the linkage between the two DNA sequences does not (1) result in the introduction of a frame-shift mutation, (2) interfere with the ability of the promoter region to direct the transcription of the coding sequences, or (3) interfere with the ability of the corresponding RNA transcript to be translated into a protein. Thus, a promoter region would be operably joined to a coding sequence if the promoter region were capable of effecting transcription of that DNA sequence such that the resulting transcript might be translated into the desired protein or polypeptide.

The precise nature of the regulatory sequences needed for gene expression may vary between species or cell types, but in general includes, as necessary, 5′ non-transcribing and 5′ non-translating sequences involved with initiation of transcription and translation respectively, such as a TATA box, capping sequence, CAAT sequence, and the like. Such 5′ non-transcribing regulatory sequences may include a promoter region which includes a promoter sequence for transcriptional control of the operably joined gene. Regulatory sequences may also include enhancer sequences or upstream activator sequences, as desired.

Vectors for propagation and expression generally will include selectable markers. Such markers also may be suitable for amplification or the vectors may contain additional markers for this purpose. In this regard, the expression vectors may contain one or more selectable marker genes to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells. Examples of markers include dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, and tetracycline, kanamycin or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing E. coli and other bacteria.

Promoter/enhancer elements which may be used to control expression of inserted sequences include, but are not limited to the SV40 early promoter region (Bernoist and Chambon, 1981, Nature 290:304-310), the promoter contained in the 3′ long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto et al., 1980, Cell 22:787-797), the herpes thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:1441-1445), the regulatory sequences of the metallothionein gene (Brinster et al., 1982, Nature 296:39-42) for expression in animal cells, the promoters of lactamase (Villa-Kamaroff et al., 1978, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75:3727-3731), tac (DeBoer et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:21-25), or trc for expression in bacterial cells (see also “Useful proteins from recombinant bacteria” in Scientific American, 1980, 242:74-94), the nopaline synthetase promoter region or the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter (Gardner et al., 1981, Nucl. Acids Res. 9:2871), and the promoter of the photosynthetic enzyme ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (Herrera-Estrella et al., 1984, Nature 310:115-120) for expression in plant cells; Gal4 promoter, the ADC (alcohol dehydrogenase) promoter, PGK (phosphoglycerol kinase) promoter, alkaline phosphatase promoter for expression in yeast or other fungi.

Depending on the host-vector system utilized, any one of a number of suitable transcription and translation elements may be used. In one embodiment, a fusion protein comprising an antibody or antibody fragment of the present disclosure and a pre and/or pro sequence of the host cell is expressed. In other embodiments, a fusion protein comprising an antibody or antibody fragment of the present disclosure fused with, for example, an affinity purification peptide, including but not limited to, maltose binding protein, glutathione-S-transferase, thioredoxin or histidine tag, is expressed. In additional embodiments, a chimeric protein comprising an antibody or antibody fragment of the present disclosure and a useful immunogenic peptide or protein is expressed.

Any method known in the art for inserting DNA fragments into a vector may be used to construct expression vectors containing an antibody or antibody fragment encoding nucleic acid molecule comprising appropriate transcriptional/translational control signals and the polypeptide coding sequences. These methods may include in vitro recombinant DNA and synthetic techniques and in vivo recombination.

Methods of introducing exogenous DNA into yeast hosts include either the transformation of spheroplasts or of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. Transformation procedures usually vary with the yeast species to be transformed. See, e.g., Kurtz et al. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:142; Kunze et al. (1985) J. Basic Microbiol. 25:141; for Candida, Gleeson et al. (1986) J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:3459; Roggenkamp et al. (1986) Mol. Gen. Genet. 202:302; for Hansenula; Das et al. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158:1165; De Louvencourt et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 154:1165; Van den Berg et al. (1990) Bio/Technology 8:135; for Kluyveromyces; Cregg et al. (1985) Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3376; Kunze et al. (1985) J. Basic Microbiol. 25:141; U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,148 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,555; for Pichia; Hinnen et al. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75; 1929; Ito et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 153:163; for Saccharomyces; Beach et al. (1981) Nature 300:706; for Schizosaccharomyces; Davidow et al. (1985) Curr. Genet. 10:39.

Commercially available vectors for expressing heterologous proteins in bacterial hosts include but are not limited to pZERO, pTrc99A, pUC19, pUC18, pKK223-3, pEX1, pCAL, pET, pSPUTK, pTrxFus, pFastBac, pThioHis, pTrcHis, pTrcHis2, and pLEx. For example, the phage in lambda GEM™-11 may be utilized in making recombinant phage vectors which can be used to transform host cells, such as E. coli LE392. In a one embodiment, the vector is pQE30 or pBAD/ThioE, which can be used transform host cells, such as E. coli.

Expression and transformation vectors for transformation into many yeast strains are available. For example, expression vectors have been developed for, the following yeasts: Candida albicans, Kurtz, et al. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:142; Candida maltosa, Kunze, et al. (1985) J. Basic Microbiol. 25:141; Hansenula polymorpha, Gleeson, et al. (1986) J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:3459; Roggenkamp et al. (1986) Mol. Gen. Genet. 202:302; Kluyveromyces fragilis, Das, et al. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158:1165; Kluyveromyces lactis, De Louvencourt et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 154:737; Van den Berg, et al. (1990) Bio/Technology 8:135; Pichia quillerimondii, Kunze et al. (1985) J. Basic Microbiol. 25:141; Pichia pastoris, Cregg, et al. (1985) Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3376, U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,148 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,555; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hinnen et al. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:1929, Ito et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 153:163; Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Beach et al. (1981) Nature 300:706; and Yarrowia lipolytica, Davidow, et al. (1985) Curr. Genet. 10:380-471, Gaillardin, et al. (1985) Curr. Genet. 10:49.

4. Host Cells

Further provided are host cells comprising the nucleic acids and vectors described herein. A variety of host-vector systems may be utilized to express the polypeptide-coding sequence. These include but are not limited to mammalian cells, mammalian cell systems infected with virus (e.g., vaccinia virus, adenovirus, etc.); insect cells, insect cell systems infected with virus (e.g., baculovirus); microorganisms such as yeast containing yeast vectors, or bacteria transformed with bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA, or cosmid DNA, plant cells or transgenic plants.

Hosts that are appropriate for expression of nucleic acid molecules of the present disclosure, fragments, analogues or variants thereof, may include E. coli, Bacillus species, Haemophilus, fungi, yeast, such as Saccharomyces, Pichia, Bordetella, or Candida, or the baculovirus expression system.

In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Expression from certain promoters can be elevated in the presence of certain inducers; thus, expression of the genetically engineered antibodies or antibody fragments may be controlled. Furthermore, different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the translational and post-translational processing and modification of proteins. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the desired modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed.

Once a suitable host system and growth conditions are established, recombinant expression vectors can be propagated and prepared in quantity. Upon expression, a recombinant polypeptide of the disclosure is produced and can be recovered in a substantially purified from the cell paste, the cell extract or from the supernatant after centrifugation of the recombinant cell culture using techniques well known in the art.

For instance, the recombinant polypeptide can be purified by antibody-based affinity purification, preparative gel electrophoresis, or affinity purification using tags (e.g., 6× histidine tag) included in the recombinant polypeptide.

Also provided herein are methods of producing any of the antibodies or antibody fragments disclosed and provided herein, with the method comprising culturing a host cell harboring a vector encoding the antibodies or antibody fragments in culture conditions in which expression of the antibodies or antibody fragments from the vector occurs in the host, and purifying the antibodies or antibody fragments from the cell culture. In certain embodiments, the method comprises culturing a host cell harboring a vector encoding the antibodies or antibody fragments in culture conditions in which expression of the antibodies or antibody fragments from the vector occurs in the host, and purifying the antibodies or antibody fragments from the cell culture.

In one embodiment, the methods comprise culture conditions in which expression of the antibodies or antibody fragments from the vector comprise culturing the host cell at a temperature below 37° C. In another embodiment, the methods also comprise culture conditions in which expression of the antibodies or antibody fragments from the vector comprise culturing the host cell for at least 8 hours. In another embodiment, the methods also comprise culture conditions in which expression of the antibodies or antibody fragments from the vector comprise culturing the host in a medium comprising an enzymatic digest of casein. In another embodiment, the methods also comprise purifying the antibodies or antibody fragments from the cell culture comprises lysing the host cells in the presence of at least two ionic detergents.

As used herein with respect to polypeptides and polynucleotides, the term “isolated” means: (i) amplified in vitro by, for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR); (ii) recombinantly produced by cloning; (iii) purified, as by cleavage and gel separation; or (iv) synthesized by, for example, chemical synthesis. An isolated polynucleotide is one which is readily manipulable by recombinant DNA techniques well known in the art. Thus, a nucleotide sequence contained in a vector in which 5′ and 3′ restriction sites are known or for which polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sequences have been disclosed is considered isolated but a polynucleotide sequence existing in its native state in its natural host is not. An isolated polypeptide and polynucleotide may be substantially purified, but need not be. For example, a polynucleotide that is isolated within a cloning or expression vector is not pure in that it may comprise only a tiny percentage of the material in the cell in which it resides. Such a polynucleotide is isolated, however, as the term is used herein because it is readily manipulable by standard techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

5. Pharmaceutical Compositions

Further provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the antibodies or antibody fragments described. The pharmaceutical compositions comprise at least one antibody or antibody fragment of the present disclosure and a pharmaceutical carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered, or may be formulated to be administered, by any medically-acceptable route of administration, for example, administration intravenously, intra-arterially, intradermally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, epidurally, sublingually, intracerebrally, intravaginally, intrathecally, or transdermally.

The present compositions will contain a therapeutically effective amount the antibodies or antibody fragments, together with a suitable amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle so as to provide the form for proper administration to a patient.

In a specific embodiment, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term “vehicle” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or carrier with which a compound of the disclosure is administered. Such pharmaceutical vehicles can be liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. The pharmaceutical vehicles can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea, and the like. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating and coloring agents may be used. When administered to a patient, the compounds of the disclosure and pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles should be sterile. Water is one example of a vehicle when the compound of the disclosure is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid vehicles, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical vehicles also include excipients such as starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The pharmaceutical compositions may further contain one or more auxiliary substance, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, or adjuvants to enhance the effectiveness thereof.

The present compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, pellets, capsules, capsules containing liquids, powders, sustained-release formulations, suppositories, emulsions, aerosols, sprays, suspensions, or any other form suitable for use.

In another embodiment, the compounds and/or compositions of the disclosure are formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to mammals, including humans. Typically, compounds and/or compositions of the disclosure for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the compositions may also include a solubilizing agent. Compositions for intravenous administration may optionally include a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the compound of the disclosure is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed, for example, with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the compound of the disclosure is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.

The amount of a compound of the disclosure that will be effective in the treatment of a particular disorder or condition disclosed herein will depend on the nature of the disorder or condition, and can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the compositions will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. In specific embodiments of the disclosure, the oral dose of at least one compound of the present disclosure is about 0.01 milligram to about 100 milligrams per kilogram body weight, or from about 0.1 milligram to about 50 milligrams per kilogram body weight, or from about 0.5 milligram to about 20 milligrams per kilogram body weight, or from about 1 milligram to about 10 milligrams per kilogram body weight.

Suitable dosage ranges for parenteral, for example, intravenous (IV) administration are 0.01 milligram to 100 milligrams per kilogram body weight, 0.1 milligram to 35 milligrams per kilogram body weight, and 1 milligram to 10 milligrams per kilogram body weight. Suitable dosage ranges for intranasal administration are generally about 0.01 pg/kg body weight to 1 mg/kg body weight. Suppositories generally contain 0.01 milligram to 50 milligrams of a compound of the disclosure per kilogram body weight and comprise active ingredient in the range of 0.5% to 10% by weight. Recommended dosages for intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, epidural, sublingual, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal administration or administration by inhalation are in the range of 0.001 milligram to 200 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Suitable doses of the compounds of the disclosure for topical administration are in the range of 0.001 milligram to 1 milligram, depending on the area to which the compound is administered. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems. Such animal models and systems are well known in the art.

In other embodiments, a composition of the disclosure for parenteral, for example, intravenous administration includes about 0.001 milligram to about 2000 milligrams of a compound of the disclosure, from about 0.01 milligram to about 1000 milligrams of a compound of the disclosure, from about 0.1 milligram to about 500 milligrams of a compound of the disclosure, or from about 1 milligram to about 200 milligrams of a compound of the disclosure.

The disclosure also provides pharmaceutical packs or kits comprising one or more containers filled with one or more the antibodies or antibody fragments of the disclosure. Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration. In a certain embodiment, the kit contains more than one compound of the disclosure.

A therapeutically effective amount of the antibodies or antibody fragments in the composition should be administered, in which “a therapeutically effective amount” is defined as an amount that is sufficient to produce a desired prophylactic, therapeutic or ameliorative response in a subject. The amount needed will vary depending upon the antibodies or antibody fragments used and the species and weight of the subject to be administered, but may be ascertained using standard techniques.

6. Methods of Treatment

Further provided herein are methods of suppressing or inhibiting the growth of, or reducing the growth rate of, abnormal cells, e.g., abnormal cells that express CDCP1, comprising contacting the cells with, or administering to the cells, a pharmaceutically effective amount of a composition comprising at least one of the anti-CDCP1 antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure.

In certain embodiments, the abnormal cells are cancer cells, such as lung cancer cells, breast cancer cells, colon cancer cells, melanoma cells, e.g., malignant melanoma cells, ovarian carcinoma cells, brain tumor cells, e.g., glioblastoma multiforme cells, soft tissue sarcoma cells, rhabdomyosarcoma cells, pancreatic cancer cells, prostate cancer cells, or osteosarcoma cells. In certain specific embodiments, the abnormal cells are cells of a cancer that harbors a KRAS mutation, such as but not limited to lung and colorectal cancer cells. Cancer cells on which the methods of the present disclosure may be applied for inhibiting the growth of abnormal cells include those cancers of epithelial tissue origin that harbor a KRAS mutation and/or express the CDCP1 protein. In specific embodiments, the cells to which the antibodies or antibody fragments are administered include but are not limited to breast cancer cells comprising a KRAS mutation and/or expressing the CDCP1 protein, colon cancer cells comprising a KRAS mutation and/or expressing the CDCP1 protein, malignant melanoma cells comprising a KRAS mutation and/or expressing the CDCP1 protein, ovarian carcinoma cells comprising a KRAS mutation and/or expressing the CDCP1 protein, brain tumor cells comprising a KRAS mutation and/or expressing the CDCP1 protein, soft tissue sarcoma cells comprising a KRAS mutation and/or expressing the CDCP1 protein, rhabdomyosarcoma cells comprising a KRAS mutation and/or expressing the CDCP1 protein, pancreatic cancer cells comprising a KRAS mutation and/or expressing the CDCP1 protein, prostate cancer cells comprising a KRAS mutation and/or expressing the CDCP1 protein or osteosarcoma cells comprising a KRAS mutation and/or expressing the CDCP1 protein.

Also provided herein is a method of treating a subject having a cancer, e.g., a cancer expressing CDCP1 protein, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CDCP1 antibody or antibody fragment provided herein. Further provided herein is a method of reducing the likelihood of cancer metastasis, such as lung cancer metastasis, breast cancer metastasis, colon cancer metastasis, malignant melanoma metastasis, ovarian carcinoma metastasis, brain tumor metastasis, soft tissue sarcoma metastasis, rhabdomyosarcoma metastasis, pancreatic cancer metastasis, prostate cancer metastasis and osteosarcoma metastasis, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an anti-CDCP1 antibody or antibody fragment provided herein. In certain embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, e.g., malignant melanoma, ovarian carcinoma, brain cancer, e.g., glioblastoma multiforme, soft tissue sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, or osteosarcoma. In certain specific embodiments, the cancer comprises a KRAS mutation and/or expresses CDCP1, including but not limited to breast cancer that comprises a KRAS mutation and/or expresses CDCP1, colon cancer that comprises a KRAS mutation and/or expresses CDCP1, melanoma, e.g., malignant melanoma, that comprises a KRAS mutation and/or expresses CDCP1, ovarian carcinoma that comprises a KRAS mutation and/or expresses CDCP1, brain cancer, e.g. glioblastoma multiforme, that comprises a KRAS mutation and/or expresses CDCP1, soft tissue sarcoma that comprises a KRAS mutation and/or expresses CDCP1, rhabdomyosarcoma that comprises a KRAS mutation and/or expresses CDCP1, pancreatic cancer that comprises a KRAS mutation and/or expresses CDCP1, prostate cancer that comprises a KRAS mutation and/or expresses CDCP1 or osteosarcoma that comprise a KRAS mutation and/or expresses CDCP1.

In other embodiments, the antibodies or antibody fragments of the disclosure are administered to a patient, for example a human, as a preventative measure against diseases, including preventing the occurrence of a tumor or preventing the progression of a tumor.

The subject is preferably a human, but can be another mammal, such a cow, horse, sheep, pig, chicken, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, or non-human primate. The methods of treatment or prophylaxis of the presence abnormal cells comprise administering to a subject in need of treatment thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a composition comprising at least one of the anti-CDCP1 antibodies or antibody fragments provided herein.

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the terms “cancer” or “cancer cell” refer to abnormal cell growth or proliferation that may or may not include spontaneous or induced phenotypic changes. As used herein, “cancer” includes but is not limited to such abnormal conditions as hypertrophy, neoplasia, hyperplasia, benign and malignant cancer. As used herein, the term “tumor” is a general term that includes hypertrophies, neoplasias, hyperplasias, benign cancers and malignant cancers. Accordingly, certain embodiments of the present disclosure include but are not limited to treating a hypertrophy, a neoplasia, a hyperplasia, a benign or a malignant cancer in a subject. In additional embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to preventing or reducing the likelihood of metastasis and/or recurrence of a hypertrophy, a neoplasia, a hyperplasia, a benign or a malignant cancer within a subject comprising administering at least one compound of the present disclosure to the subject. For example, at least one compound of the present disclosure may be administered after tumor resection/removal/ablation, etc. to reduce the likelihood of recurrence of the tumor in the subject. In another example, at least one compound of the present disclosure may be administered to reduce the likelihood of metastasis of the tumor in the subject.

As used herein, “treatment” or “treating” refers to an amelioration of a disease or disorder, or at least one detectable symptom thereof, or amelioration of at least one measurable physical parameter, not necessarily discernible by the patient. “Treatment” or “treating” may also refer to inhibiting the progression of a disease or disorder, either physically, e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom, physiologically, e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter, or both, or to delaying the onset of a disease or disorder.

As used herein, the term “prevent,” as it relates to tumors and/or abnormal cell growth, indicates that the antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure is administered to a subject to at least partially inhibit or reduce the likelihood of growth, division, spread, or proliferation of cancer cells. Of course, the term “prevent” also encompasses prohibiting entirely the emergence of new tumors or any of the associated symptoms from detectably appearing. Thus a subject may be “pretreated,” by administering the one or more the antibodies or antibody fragments of the present disclosure to prevent tumors from arising. The phrase “preventing the progression,” as it relates to tumors, is used to mean a procedure designed to at least partially inhibit the detectable appearance of one or more additional tumors or aberrant cell growth in a patient already exhibiting one or more symptoms of the presence of a tumor or aberrant cell growth, and is also used to mean at least partially prohibiting the already-present symptoms of cancer from worsening in the subject.

As used herein, the term “administer” and “administering” are used to mean introducing at least one of the antibodies or antibody fragments to the cells in close enough proximity that the antibodies or antibody fragments can exert an effect on the cells. For example, “administer,” in an in vivo setting refers to introducing the antibodies or antibody fragments to the subject in need of treatment or prophylactic treatment thereof. In an in vitro, e.g., cell culture, setting, the term “administer” can mean to introduce the antibodies or antibody fragments into the cell culture environment such that the antibodies or antibody fragments contact the cells. When administration is for the purpose of treatment of a subject in need of treatment thereof, the antibodies or antibody fragments can be provided at, or after the diagnosis of an abnormal cell growth, such as a tumor. The therapeutic administration of the antibodies or antibody fragments serves to inhibit cell growth of the tumor or abnormal cell growth.

As used herein, the term “coadminister” is used to mean that each of at least two compounds are administered during a time frame wherein the respective periods of biological activity overlap. Thus the term includes sequential as well as coextensive administration of the compositions of the present disclosure. If more than one substance is coadministered, the routes of administration of the two or more substances need not be the same. The scope of the disclosure is not limited by the identity of the substance which may be coadministered with the compositions of the present disclosure. For example, one of the compositions of the present disclosure may be co-administered with another compound or another other pharmaceutically active substance, such as vinca alkaloids, nucleic acid inhibitors, platinum agents, interleukin-2, interferons, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, corticosteroids, DNA intercalating agents, anthracyclines, and ureas. Examples of specific agents in addition to those exemplified herein, include hydroxyurea, 5-fluorouracil, anthramycin, asparaginase, bleomycin, dactinomycin, dacabazine, cytarabine, busulfan, thiotepa, lomustine, mechlorehamine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, mechlorethamine, chlorambucil, carmustine, 6-thioguanine, methotrexate, etc.

7. Methods of Detection

The disclosure also provides methods detecting the presence of abnormal cells, with the method comprising administering to the cells a labeled antibody or antibody fragment of the present disclosure to allow binding of the antibody or antibody fragment, and subsequently detecting the binding of the labeled antibody or antibody fragment. Abnormal cells are marked by the overexpression of CDCP1. Methods of detecting labeled antibody or antibody fragment binding are well known in the art and include but are not limited to ELISA, FACS, immunohistochemistry and the like. The methods of detecting may be carried out in vitro, in situ or in vivo.

8. Enumerated Embodiments

-   -   1. An antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds a         CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) ectodomain, comprising a         light chain CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO:11, a light chain CDR2         comprising SEQ ID NO:13, and     -   (a) a light chain CDR3 comprising one of the group consisting of         SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID         NO:36, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:52,         SEQ ID NO:56, and SEQ ID:15,     -   (b) a heavy chain CDR1 comprising one of the group consisting of         SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID         NO:33, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:49,         SEQ ID NO:53, and SEQ ID NO:3;     -   (c) a heavy chain CDR2 comprising one of the group consisting of         SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID         NO:34, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:46, SEQ ID NO:50,         SEQ ID NO:54, and SEQ ID NO:5, and     -   (d) a heavy chain CDR3 comprising one of the group consisting of         SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID         NO:35, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:47, SEQ ID NO:51         and SEQ ID NO:55, and SEQ ID NO:7.     -   2. The antibody or antibody fragment of embodiment 1, comprising         light chain CDRs of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:20,         and comprising heavy chain CDRs of SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18,         and SEQ ID NO:19.     -   3. The antibody or antibody fragment of embodiment 1, wherein         the antibody or antibody fragment comprises at least one heavy         chain variable domain (VH) and at least one light chain variable         domain (VL), wherein:     -   the VH comprises the amino acid sequence selected from the group         consisting of SEQ ID NO:57, SEQ ID NO:59, SEQ ID NO:61, SEQ ID         NO:63, SEQ ID NO:65, SEQ ID NO:67, SEQ ID NO:69, SEQ ID NO:71,         SEQ ID NO:73, SEQ ID NO:75, and SEQ ID NO:77; and     -   the VL comprises the amino acid sequence selected from the group         consisting of SEQ ID NO:58, SEQ ID NO:60, SEQ ID NO:62, SEQ ID         NO:64, SEQ ID NO:66, SEQ ID NO:68, SEQ ID NO:70, SEQ ID NO:72,         SEQ ID NO:74, SEQ ID NO:76, and SEQ ID NO:78.     -   4. The antibody or antibody fragment of embodiment 3, wherein         the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:57, and         the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:58.     -   5. The antibody or antibody fragment of any one of embodiments 1         to 4, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment further         comprises a cytotoxic agent conjugated to the antibody or         antibody fragment.     -   6. The antibody or antibody fragment of any one of embodiments 1         to 4, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment further         comprises a binding domain that specifically binds to CD3 on the         surface of cytotoxic T-cells.     -   7. The antibody or antibody fragment of any one of embodiments 1         to 4, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment further         comprises a detectable label conjugated to the antibody or         antibody fragment.     -   8. A nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antibody fragment of         any one of embodiments 1 to 7.     -   9. An expression vector comprising the nucleic acid of         embodiment 8 in operable combination with a promoter.     -   10. A host cell comprising the expression vector of embodiment         9.     -   11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody or         antibody fragment of any one of embodiments 1 to 7 and a         pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.     -   12. Use of the antibody or antibody fragment of any one of         embodiments 1 to 6 in the manufacture of a medicament for         treating cancer in a subject having cancer.     -   13. The antibody or antibody fragment of any one of embodiments         1 to 6 for use in a method of treating cancer in a subject         having cancer.     -   14. A method of treating cancer in a subject having cancer, the         method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically         effective amount of the antibody or antibody fragment of any one         of embodiments 1 to 6.     -   15. The use of embodiment 12 or 13, or the method of embodiment         14, wherein cancer cells of the subject comprise a RAS mutation         and/or express CDCP1.     -   16. The use of embodiment 12 or 13, or the method of embodiment         14, wherein the RAS mutation is a G12V mutation in KRAS.     -   17. The use of embodiment 12 or 13, or the method of embodiment         14, wherein the cancer cells are pancreatic ductal         adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells.     -   18. The use of embodiment 12 or 13, or the method of embodiment         14, wherein the RAS mutation is a KRAS mutation and the cancer         is selected from the group consisting of pancreatic cancer,         colorectal cancer.     -   19. The use of embodiment 12 or 13, or the method of embodiment         14, wherein the RAS mutation is a NRAS mutation and the cancer         is selected from the group consisting of acute myeloid leukemia         and melanoma.     -   20. The use of embodiment 12 or 13, or the method of embodiment         14, wherein the RAS mutation is a HRAS mutation and the cancer         is bladder cancer.     -   21. The antibody or antibody fragment of embodiment 7 for use in         a method of detecting cancer in a subject having cancer.     -   22. A method of detecting cancer cells, the method comprising         administering the antibody or antibody fragment of embodiment 7         to the cells, and detecting the binding of the antibody or         antibody fragment to the cells.

EXAMPLES

The examples presented herein are meant for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the full scope of the disclosure. The attached figures are meant to be integral parts of the specification of the disclosure.

Abbreviations: ADC (antibody drug conjugate); BiTE (bispecific T-cell engager); CDCP1 (CUB domain-containing protein); CDR (complementarity determining region); ECD (extracellular domain); ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay); Fab (antigen-binding antibody fragment); FACS (fluorescent activated cell sorting); FR (framework region); GO (gene ontology); HPAC (human pancreatic adenocarcinoma); HPNE (human pancreatic normal epithelial); MFI (mean fluorescence intensity); MMAF (monomethyl auristatin F); PDAC (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer); SD (standard deviation); SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture); VH or V_(H) (heavy chain variable domain); VL or V_(L) (light chain variable domain); and WT (wild type).

Example 1: Characterization of an Oncogenic KRAS Surfaceome

To begin to isolate the effects of KRAS transformation on the cell surfaceome, a well-characterized, non-tumorigenic immortalized mammary epithelial cell line, MCF10A (Debnath et al., Methods, 30:256-268, 2003; and Martins et al., Cancer Discovery, 5:154-167, 2015), was chosen to generate an isogenic model for KRAS transformation. The diploid MCF10A cell line is often used for oncogenic transformation studies because it is non-malignant and harbors only small genetic modifications typical of a culture adapted cell line. When MCF10A cells are stably transduced with oncogenic KRASG12V they undergo numerous phenotypic changes characteristic of malignant transformation, including increased proliferation and significant loss of cell adhesion (Stolze et al., Scientific Reports, 5:8535, 2015). Recently, it has been shown that the surfaceome does indeed change substantially in MCF10A cells expressing oncogenic KRAS (Ye et al., Oncotarget, 7:86948-86971, 2016). To determine the therapeutic potential of exploiting differences in the surfaceome in RAS-driven cancers, a quantitative measurement regarding the extent to which these proteins change was undertaken.

To measure changes in the cell surface proteome in an unbiased manner, a glycoprotein capture and enrichment proteomic method was employed (see, e.g., Schiess et al., Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 8, 624-638, 2009; and Wollscheid et al., Nature Biotechnol, 27, 378-386, 2009). The method illustrated in FIG. 1A was adapted to quantitatively compare the surface protein levels on the MCF10A cells with or without oncogenic KRASG12V, using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) (Ong and Mann, Nature Protocols, 1:2650-2660, 2006). In total, about 500 proteins were identified as common in both the MCF10A cells with and without KRASG12V. In total 17 proteins were identified as significantly upregulated in the MCF10A cells with KRASG12V, and 22 were identified as significantly downregulated (fold-change>+/−1.75; p-value<0.01) (FIG. 1B). Interestingly, gene ontology (GO) analysis of these significantly altered proteins in the datasets revealed significant enrichment for proteins involved in cell adhesion, cell motion, and cell-cell adhesion (FIG. 2D).

To gain insight on how different signaling pathways emanating from RAS were contributing to the changes in the surfaceome, the same proteomics approach was employed, except that the consequences of treatment with well-established pharmacological inhibitors, MEKi (PD0325901) and AKTi (MK2206) were examined These two inhibitors block the two classic pathways downstream of RAS, MAPK and PI3K, respectively (Barrett et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 18:6501-6504, 2008; and Hirai et al., Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 9:1956-1967, 2010). As a control, the effect of gefitinib (Moasser et al., Cancer Research, 61:7184-7188, 2001), which inhibits EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase found upstream of RAS, was also tested. In each experiment, cells were treated with subtoxic concentrations of drug for 72 hours and compared to vehicle treated MCF10A KRASG12V cells. For the MEKi experiment, the relative expression levels of 250 proteins (FIG. 1C) were quantified. Remarkably, 13 of the proteins that were significantly altered by KRASG12V signaling were reversibly influenced by MEKi in the KRASG12V cells (FIG. 1D). By contrast, when the KRASG12V cells were treated with AKTi or EGFRi, very few significant changes were observed (FIG. 1E and FIG. 2E and 2F). These findings indicate that the MAPK pathway is likely the dominant pathway by which RAS mediates influence on the surfaceome in the MCF10A model. Taken together with the unbiased GO analysis, these results suggest that RAS signaling through the MAPK pathway promotes the coordinate expression of proteins that may contribute to increased invasiveness, metastasis, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition.

To further characterize the influence of oncogenic KRAS on the surface proteome, RNAseq was performed on both the MCF10A empty vector control and KRASG12V cells. The correlation between expression level changes observed in the SILAC proteomic data with those from RNAseq data (FIG. 1F) was modest but significant (R2=0.422). This is not surprising as there are many possible points of regulation between synthesis of an mRNA and trafficking of a protein to the cell surface that can blur the connection between steady state RNA and protein levels. Nonetheless, the combination of the proteomic and transcriptomic data reinforces the notion that KRAS transformation drives significant and coordinated changes in the cell surface. Additionally, a large cluster of genes was identified as being upregulated in both data sets; thus providing a set of high-confidence KRAS signaling surface markers for further validation.

Example 2: Generation of Recombinant Antibodies that Target the KRAS Surfaceome

To validate the results of the surfaceome characterization, recombinant monoclonal antibodies were generated and validated for a set of the most interesting KRAS induced targets. Recombinant antibodies are particularly useful as they can be bioengineered for many useful applications including therapeutic payload delivery and in vivo imaging. The quantitative proteomic and RNAseq data was utilized to choose seven high-confidence KRAS-induced single-pass transmembrane receptors to generate recombinant antibodies.

As illustrated in FIG. 3A, to enable the rapid expression and purification of these target proteins for generation of antibodies by phage display, their extracellular domains (ECDs) were expressed as Fc-fusion proteins in mammalian cells (Czajkowsky et al., EMBO Mol Med 4:1015-1028, 2012). A biotin-acceptor-tag was introduced at the C-terminus, and a TEV proteolysis site was also introduced between the ECD and Fc-domain. These tags allowed for site-selective capture of the ECD-Fc fusion on magnetic streptavidin beads, and release of each ECD containing bound Fab-phage after TEV treatment. This “catch-and-release” strategy illustrated in FIG. 3B ensured selective release of Fab-phage bound to each ECD, while avoiding enrichment of unwanted Fab-phage that either bound the Fc-domain or the streptavidin beads (Hornsby et al., Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, 14:2833-2847, 2015). Four rounds of “catch-and-release” were conducted with a well-validated synthetic Fab-phage library (Persson et al., J Mol Biol, 425:803-811, 2013). After each selection, individual phage clones were isolated and screened for target binding by phage ELISA followed by DNA sequencing (FIG. 4B1 and 4B2). Selections resulted in the identification of 116 unique antigen-binding sequences against the seven ECD-Fc fusion targets. None of these clones demonstrated appreciable binding to the Fc-domains fused to the antigen.

To validate the specificity of the antibodies, several of the tests recently recommended by the Working Group for Antibody Validation were used (Uhlén et al., Nature Methods, 13: 823-827, 2016). First, a stable cell line was generated for each target that overexpressed the protein ECD fused to a fluorescent protein expression reporter and a generic single-pass transmembrane domain (FIG. 4C). Selections to each target resulted in the identification of multiple antibodies showing dramatically increased binding to cells over-expressing the target ECD as compared to control cells (FIG. 4D). The most stringent of the protocols validated the specificity of the antibodies using CRISPRi knockdown of each target in the MCF10A KRASG12V cells (Gilbert et al., Cell, 154:442-451, 2013). In each case, at least one antibody (including CDCP1-002) exhibited significant staining on the MCF10A KRASG12V cells and little to no binding for the CRISPRi knockdown corresponding cell line (FIG. 3C). Importantly, these data also corroborated the proteomics observation that these membrane proteins are highly expressed in the MCF10A KRASG12V cells. Binding characteristics of various Fabs were further assessed by flow cytometry (mean fluorescence intensity) and ELISA, and details are provided below in Table 2-1.

TABLE 2-1 Fab Binding Characteristics Flow ELISA ELISA CDCP1 Cytometry (MFI) ~EC50 Kd (nM) Specificity Decoy CDCP1 Human Monkey{circumflex over ( )} aas aas Fab Cell Cell CDCP1 CDCP1 30-367 370-667 CDCP1- 1.02 1160 0.6512 19.57 Yes No 002 CDCP1- 1.04 180 65.28 666.24 Yes No 003 CDCP1- 1.01 770 2.369 34.9 Yes No 004 CDCP1- 1.87 870 ND ND Yes No 005 CDCP1- 1.01 52.3 29.63 3.338 No Yes 006 CDCP1- 1.01 2.33 17.99 22.42 Yes No 007 CDCP1- 1.19 673 76.25 97.1 Yes No 008 {circumflex over ( )}Cynomolgus monkey

Example 3: Validation of Oncogenic KRAS-induced Membrane Proteins

To validate the observations made by mass spectrometry-based proteomics and RNAseq analysis, the relative cell-surface abundance of each protein was measured using flow cytometry with the recombinant antibodies (including CDCP1-002). The CDCP1 protein showed elevated expression on the MCF10A KRASG12V cells relative to the empty vector control (FIG. 3D). Moreover, the flow cytometry data generated with the Fabs correlated with the proteomic measurements. These results were further confirmed by immunofluorescence for a subset of the targets, where both differential expression and cell surface localization was observed in each case (FIG. 3E).

Next, the relative expression of the target proteins was measured on a panel of tumorigenic cells that included lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer cell lines known to harbor oncogenic RAS mutations (FIG. 3F). These three cancer types have the highest occurrence of oncogenic KRAS. High levels of expression of CDCP1 were observed in at least half of the eight cancer cell lines.

Example 4: A CDCP1 Antibody Can Selectively Deliver Toxic and Immunotherapy Payloads to Pancreatic Cancer Cells Expressing Oncogenic KRAS

Oncogenic KRAS is nearly ubiquitously expressed in pancreatic cancers (Eser et al., British Journal of Cancer Research, 111:817-822, 2014). Transcriptomics data derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that CDCP1 transcript abundance was significantly upregulated and correlated with KRAS mutational status (FIG. 5A). CDCP1 expression levels were profiled on a panel of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer (PDAC) cell lines, and high level of expression of CDCP1 was observed, relative to no observable expression on non-tumorigenic pancreatic duct cells, HPNE (FIG. 5B). Indeed, quantification of the protein copy number of CDCP1 on the HPAC PDAC cells revealed that these cells express about 2.9 million copies per cell (FIG. 6A). Such high level of expression is rare, and is an important consideration for therapeutic targeting by antibody drug conjugates (Bornstein, The AAPS Journal, 17:525-534, 2015).

One of the recombinant CDCP1 antibodies (CDCP1-002) was tested for its ability to selectively deliver a cytotoxic payload to mutant KRAS tumor cells. Having the recombinant form of the antibody facilitated simple conversion of the Fab to an IgG1 for the experiment. The HPAC cells (tumorigenic) and HPNE cells (non-tumorigenic) were treated with anti-CDCP1 IgG1 that can bind a commercially available secondary antibody coupled to a non-cell permeable cytotoxic microtubule inhibitor monomethyl auristatin f (MMAF) (FIG. 5C). While the normal HPNE cells were unaffected by treatment of up to 20 nM of antibody complex, oncogenic KRAS-containing HPAC cells were sensitive to antibody complex treatment at concentrations as low as 10 pM (FIG. 5D). More than 60% reduction of viability was observed at 0.8 nM (FIG. 5E), indicating that the CDCP1-selective antibody can selectively internalize and deliver the cytotoxic payload. It is not surprising that all cells were not killed since these are rapidly dividing cells in culture that create a steady state of apoptosis and proliferation.

Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first example of a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody immunotherapy that binds both a tumor selective antigen, and CD3 on the surface of cytotoxic T-cells (Wu et al., J Hematol & Oncol, 8:104, 2015). Additional BiTEs are currently being tested in the clinic (Yuraszeck et al., Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 101:634-645, 2017). The BiTE recruits the T-cell to the tumor cell, induces T-cell activation, and tumor cell killing. The CDCP1 recombinant Fab can be engineered in a BiTE modality to selectively target oncogenic KRAS PDAC cells. The CDCP1 Fab (CDCP1-002) was genetically fused to the clinically utilized OKT3 anti-CD3 scFv, and this construct was tested to determine if it could be used to mediate T-cell activation in co-culture with tumor cells (FIG. 5F). Remarkably, 1 nM of the CDCP1 BiTE was sufficient to activate 75% of T-cells when co-cultured with mutant KRAS HPAC cells, while co-culture with HPNE cells, or treatment with BiTE lacking the anti-CD3 scFv, resulted in minimal activation (FIG. 5G).

Example 5: A CDCP1 Antibody Can Be Used for In Vivo Detection of Oncogenic RAS-Dependent MAPK Signaling

A mouse xenograft model for pancreatic cancer was used to determine whether CDCP1 expression levels could be used as an in vivo imaging marker for RAS signaling. The CDCP1-002 Fab was labeled with a positron-emitting radioisotope ⁸⁹Zr and used for positron-emission-tomography (PET) imaging in mice with mutant RAS HPAC xenographs. As a negative control, ⁸⁹Zr-Fab was heat denatured prior to administration. As an additional control, xenograft mouse models with A549 cells that express only 60,000 copies of CDCP1 per cell (FIG. 6A). Although A549 cells also harbor an oncogenic RAS mutation, previous work has shown that growth and MAPK signaling in these cells are not significantly diminished by knockdown of KRAS (Singh et al., Cancer Cell, 15:489-5000, 2009). Within four hours of administration of the ⁸⁹Zr-Fab, tumor localization was observed, and by eight hours staining was highly pronounced (FIG. 7D). Significantly reduced tumor staining was observed using the heat-denatured ⁸⁹Zr-Fab. Strikingly, in the HPAC xenograft mice treated with subtoxic MEKi, ⁸⁹Zr-Fab tumor localization was also highly diminished. These animal data provide further evidence of CDCP1 expression being a consequence of RAS-dependent MAPK-signaling even in the complex milieu of a tumor. Excised tumors were used to quantify PET signal, confirming the trends seen in the qualitative images (FIG. 7I). 

1-22. (canceled)
 23. A method for assessing CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) expression, comprising: (a) administering a radioisotope-labeled antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds the CDCP1 ectodomain to a subject having pancreatic cancer; and (b) visualizing binding of the antibody or antibody fragment to cells of the subject to assess CDC1 expression, wherein the radioisotope is a positron-emitter, and the antibody or antibody fragment comprises light chain CDRs of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:20, and heavy chain CDRs of SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, and SEQ ID NO:19.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment comprises a heavy chain variable domain (VH) and a light chain variable domain (VL), and the VH comprises the amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:57, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:58.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment comprises a heavy chain variable domain (VH) and a light chain variable domain (VL), and the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:57, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:58.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the positron-emitter is selected from the group consisting of ⁶⁸Ga, ¹⁸F, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁶Y, ⁷⁶ Br, ⁸⁹Zr, and ¹²⁴I.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the positron-emitter is ⁸⁹Zr.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein visualizing comprises use of positron emission tomography (PET).
 29. The method of claim 23, wherein the pancreatic cancer is pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
 31. A radioisotope-labeled antibody or antibody fragment that specifically binds CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) ectodomain and comprises light chain CDRs of SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:20, and heavy chain CDRs of SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, and SEQ ID NO:19, wherein the radioisotope is a positron-emitter.
 32. The antibody or antibody fragment of claim 31, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment comprises a heavy chain variable domain (VH) and a light chain variable domain (VL), and the VH comprises the amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:57, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:58.
 33. The antibody or antibody fragment of claim 31, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment comprises a heavy chain variable domain (VH) and a light chain variable domain (VL), and the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:57, and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:58.
 34. The antibody or antibody fragment of claim 31, wherein the positron-emitter is selected from the group consisting of ⁶⁸Ga, ¹⁸F, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁶Y, ⁷⁶Br, ⁸⁹Zr, and ¹²⁴I.
 35. The antibody or antibody fragment of claim 34, wherein the positron-emitter is ⁸⁹Zr. 